Ding, ding, bang, yakatyora imwe, uye ichi ndicho chimwe chezvishandiso zvinozivikanwa zvikuru murabhoritari yedu, midziyo yegirazi. Maitiro ekuchenesa midziyo yegirazi uye maitiro ekuomesa.

Pane zvakawanda zvaunofanira kungwarira panguva yekushandisa, unoziva here?

1. Iyo iwese yemidziyo yegirazi yakajairika

(I) Pipette

1. Kurongwa: Pipette ine mark imwe chete (inonzi big belly pipette), pipette ine graduated (rudzi rwekubuda kweropa risina kukwana, rudzi rwekubuda kweropa rese, rudzi rwekubuda kweropa)

1. Pipette ine chiratidzo chimwe chete inoshandiswa kupinza mvura mubhodhoro rakati wandei nemazvo. Dhayamita yechikamu chinoisa chiratidzo chepipette ine chiratidzo chimwe chete idiki uye kururama kwakanyanya; Pipette ine chiratidzo ine dhayamita yakakura uye kururama kwacho kwakaderera zvishoma. Saka, pakuyera huwandu hwese hwemhinduro, saizi inoenderana inowanzo shandiswa Pipette ine chiratidzo chimwe chete pachinzvimbo chepipette ine chiratidzo.

1. Mashandiro:

Kuisa mapaipi: pakuedza kunoda kunyatsorongeka, pukuta mvura yasara kubva pamuromo wepaipi nepepa rekusefa, wozosuka mvura mukati nekunze kwemuromo wepaipi nemvura inomirira katatu kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti huwandu hwemvura yabviswa inoramba isina kuchinja. Chenjerera kuti usadzorere mvura mumhinduro kuti usanyungudike uye usasvibisa mvura.

Paunenge uchiisa mvura mupombi, isa muromo wechubhu 1-2cm pasi pemvura (mvura yakadzika zvakanyanya, mvura yakawanda inonamira pamadziro ekunze echubhu; isina kudzika zvakanyanya: kusveta mvura isina chinhu mushure mekunge mvura yadzikira).

Kuverenga: Mutsetse wekuona uri padanho rakafanana nepadanho rakaderera remeniscus yemhinduro.

Kusunungurwa: muromo wechubhu unobata mukati mechubhu kuitira kuti chubhu irerekere uye chubhu imire.

Kusiyiwa kwakasununguka pamadziro: Pipette isati yabviswa mumudziyo unogamuchira, mirira tambo nhatu kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti mvura yacho yabuda zvachose.

(2) chirongo chemafuta

Inonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira mhinduro ine huwandu hwakarurama.

Usati washandisa maflask emvura, tarisa kana huwandu hwemaflask emvura hunoenderana nezvinodiwa; Maflask emvura yebrown anofanira kushandiswa kugadzira zvinhu zvishoma zvinonyunguduka. Kana chipuku chekugaya kana chipuku chepurasitiki chichidonhedza mvura.

1. Kuedza kubuda kwemvura: wedzera mvura yepombi panzvimbo iri pedyo nemutsetse wechiratidzo, batanidza cork zvakasimba, dzvanya chivharo nemunwe wekumberi, misa bhodhoro rakatarisa pasi kwemaminitsi maviri, uye shandisa bepa rakaoma rekusefa kuti uone kana mvura iri kubuda paburi remuromo webhodhoro. Kana pasina mvura iri kubuda, tenderedza cork 180° womira nemusoro wayo kwemamwe maminitsi maviri kuti uone.

2. Zvinyorwa:

Matavi egirazi anofanira kushandiswa pakufambisa mhinduro kumaflasks evolumetric;

Usabata bhodhoro muchanza cheruoko rwako kudzivirira kupararira kwemvura;

Kana huwandu hwemvura mubhodhoro remvura hwasvika pa3/4, zunza bhodhoro remvura kakawanda (usadzosera shure), kuti mushonga usangane zvakanaka. Wobva waisa bhodhoro remvura patafura wobva wawedzera mvura zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika rava pedyo nemutsetse we1cm, uchimirira kwemaminitsi 1-2 kuti mvura inamire pamadziro ebhodhoro. Wedzera mvura kusvika padanho repasi pasi pedanho remvura rinokombama wobva wabatanidza chiratidzo;

Mushonga unopisa unofanira kutonhodzwa kusvika patembiricha yemukamuri usati waiswa mufurasiki yehuwandu, zvikasadaro kukanganisa kwehuwandu kunogona kukonzerwa.

Bhodhoro revhorumu harigone kuchengetedza mushonga kwenguva yakareba, kunyanya sosi yemvura, iyo inoparadza girazi uye inoita kuti kork inamire uye isakwanise kuvhurika;

Kana bhodhoro remvura rapera, risuke nemvura.

Kana ikasashandiswa kwenguva yakareba, geza woipukuta woipeta nepepa.

1.  Nzira yekugeza

Kana marudzi ese emidziyo yegirazi inoshandiswa murabhoritari yemuviri neyemakemikari yakachena kazhinji zvinokanganisa kuvimbika uye kururama kwemhedzisiro yekuongorora, saka zvakakosha kwazvo kuve nechokwadi chekuti midziyo yegirazi inoshandiswa yakachena.

Kune nzira dzakawanda dzekusuka midziyo yegirazi, iyo inofanira kusarudzwa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nebvunzo, hunhu hwevhu uye mwero wekusvibiswa. Mudziyo wekuyera unoda kuyera mhinduro nemazvo, hazvisi nyore kushandisa bhurashi pakuchenesa, nekuti bhurashi rinoshandiswa kwenguva yakareba, zviri nyore kupfeka madziro emukati memudziyo wekuyera, uye zvinhu zvinofanirwa kuyerwa hazvina kururama.

Kuongorora kuchena kwezvishandiso zvegirazi: madziro emukati anofanira kunyoroveswa nemvura isina mabhora.

Nzira yekuchenesa：

(1) Shamba nemvura;

(2) Geza nesipo kana sipo (nzira iyi haikurudzirwi pakuedza kwechromatography kana mass spectrometry, ma surfactants haasi nyore kuchenesa, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa mhedzisiro yekuedza);

(3) Shandisa chromium lotion (20g potassium dichromate inonyungudutswa mumvura inopisa uye yakasanganiswa 40g, uye 360g industrial concentrated hydrochloric acid inowedzerwa zvishoma nezvishoma): ine simba rakasimba rekubvisa mafuta kubva muzvinhu zvipenyu, asi ine ngura yakawanda uye ine chepfu yakati. Nyatsoteerera kuchengetedzeka;

(4) Mamwe mafuta ekuisa mafuta;

Losheni yeAlkaline potassium permanganate: 4g yepotassium permanganate inonyungudutswa mumvura, 10g yepotassium hydroxide inowedzerwa yosanganiswa nemvura kusvika 100ml. Inoshandiswa kuchenesa mavara emafuta kana zvimwe zvinhu zvipenyu.

Oxalic acid lotion: 5-10g oxalic acid inonyungudutswa mumvura ye100ml, uye huwandu hushoma hwehydrochloric acid inowedzerwa. Mushonga uyu unoshandiswa kushambidza manganese dioxide inogadzirwa mushure mekushambidzwa nepotassium permanganate.

Iodine-potassium iodide lotion (1g yeiodine ne2g yepotassium iodide zvinonyungudutswa mumvura zvosanganiswa nemvura kusvika 100ml): zvinoshandiswa kushambidza tsvina yakasviba yasara yesilver nitrate.

Mushonga wekusvina wakachena: 1:1 hydrochloric acid kana nitric acid. Unoshandiswa kubvisa ma ions mashoma.

Alkaline lotion: 10% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. Kubvisa mafuta nekudziisa kuri nani.

Zvinonyungudutsa zvemuchadenga (ether, ethanol, benzene, acetone): zvinoshandiswa kubvisa mavara emafuta kana zvinhu zvemuchadenga zvakanyungudutswa mumunyungudutsa.

3. Drying

Magirazi anofanira kugezwa uye kuomeswa kuti azoshandiswa gare gare mushure mebvunzo yega yega. Miedzo yakasiyana ine zvinodiwa zvakasiyana zvehuwandu hwekuoma kwemidziyo yegirazi. Semuenzaniso, bhodhoro retriangular rinoshandiswa pakuderedza acidity rinogona kushandiswa mushure mekusukwa, nepo bhodhoro retriangular rinoshandiswa pakuongorora mafuta richida kuomeswa. Chishandiso chinofanira kuomeswa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana.

(1) Kuomesa mhepo: kana usingaide nekukurumidza, inogona kuomeswa yakatarisa pasi;

(2) Kuomesa: Inogona kuomeswa muovheni pa 105-120℃ (chinhu chekuyeresa hachigone kuomeswa muovheni);

(3) Kuomesa nemhepo: mhepo inopisa inogona kushandiswa kuomesa nekukurumidza (muchina wekuomesa midziyo yegirazi).

Ehe, kana uchida nzira yekuchenesa nekuomesa yakachengeteka uye inoshanda, unogona zvakare kusarudza muchina wekuwachisa magirazi wemurabhoritari wakagadzirwa neXPZ. Haungogone kungova nechokwadi chekuti kuchenesa kunoshanda, asiwo kuchengetedza nguva, simba, mvura uye basa. Muchina wekuwachisa magirazi wemurabhoritari wakagadzirwa neXPZ unoshandisa tekinoroji yekuchenesa yepasi rose. Unogona kupedzisa kuchenesa otomatiki, kubvisa utachiona uye kuomesa nebhatani rimwe chete, zvichikuunzira ruzivo rutsva rwekushanda zvakanaka, kumhanya uye kuchengetedzeka. Kubatanidzwa kwekuchenesa nekuomesa hakungogadzirisi chete mwero uye kushanda kwekushandisa otomatiki kwekuyedza, asiwo kunoderedza zvikuru kusvibiswa nekukuvadzwa panguva yebasa.